I. Selelekela
Li-oscillator tsa Crystal, e le likarolo tsa mantlha tsa taolo ea maqhubu, li sebelisoa haholo lisebelisoa tsa indasteri, lits'ebetso tsa ho lekola ts'ireletso, lisebelisoa tsa bongaka, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa likoloi, lisebelisoa tse bohlale tsa lapeng le likarolo tse ling. Ho latela pono e kholo, kaho ea meaho ea tlhahisoleseling ea lefats'e e hokahane haholo le nts'etsopele ea li-crystal oscillator. Sengoliloeng sena se hlahlobisisa tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea kristale oscillator{2}}ho tloha ka ho sibolloa ha piezoelectric effect ho isa ho nano{3}}scale packaging-se senola kamoo li ntlafalitseng tsoelopele ea batho ea theknoloji ka liphetoho tse nne tsa indasteri.
II. Nalane ea Nts'etsopele ea Crystal Oscillators
1. Nako ea Leseli la Theknoloji
Ka 1880, barab'abo rōna Jacques le Pierre Curie ba ile ba fumana hore ho sebelisa khatello ea kelello ho lipoleiti tsa kristale tsa quartz ho ile ha etsa hore motlakase o falle, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore "phello ea piezoelectric.
Molao-motheo oa Phello ea Piezoelectric: Ha khatello e sebelisoa ho lisebelisoa tsa piezoelectric, ho hlahisoa phapang ea matla a motlakase (e tsejoang e le thephello e tobileng ea piezoelectric). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho sebelisa motlakase ho hlahisa khatello ea kelello (thephello e fapaneng ea piezoelectric). Haeba khatello e kenyelletsa-ho thothomela khafetsa, e hlahisa{2}} maqhubu a motlakase a phahameng. Ha mats'oao a motlakase a phahameng-a sebelisoa ho lirapi tsa letsopa tsa piezoelectric, a hlahisa-maqhubu a maqhubu a holimo (ho sisinyeha ha mechine), a tsejoang ka hore ke lipontšo tsa ultrasonic.
Ka 1918, Paul Langevin o ile a etsa lipatlisiso a sebelisa lipoleiti tsa kristale tsa quartz ho hlahisa mekhoa ea pele ea li-sonar bakeng sa ho lemoha sekepe sa metsing. Sena se ne se kenyelletsa ho kopanya mesebetsi e mengata ea sonar bakeng sa ts'ebetso e felletseng ea tlhaiso-leseling le taolo e bohareng ho fihlela litlhoko tsa mahlale, ho kenyeletsoa ho fumana tataiso ea lerata, ho fapana ha molumo, ho lemoha ho otla ha pelo, ho tsebahatsa sepheo, le temoso ea torpedo. Langevin o sebelisitse X-seha lipoleiti tsa quartz ho hlahisa le ho bona maqhubu a molumo ka tlas'a metsi.
Ka 1921, Moprofesa WG Cady oa Univesithi ea Wesley o ile a fana ka patente ea quartz crystal oscillator. Patent ea hae e ne e sebelisa li-resonator tsa kristale tsa quartz ho laola maqhubu a oscillator mme a hlalosa mekoallo / lipoleiti tsa quartz e le litekanyetso le li-filters. Ka hona, Cady e tsejoa ka ho pharaletseng e le ea pele ea ho sebelisa likristale tsa quartz bakeng sa taolo ea maqhubu a li-circuits tsa oscillator.
Ka 1923, Moprofesara oa Harvard GW Pierce o ile a qapa kristale oscillator circuit e behang kristale pakeng tsa grid le anode ea vacuum tube valve{3}e leng selelekela sa phetisetso ea Pierce oscillator.
Ka 1925, Westinghouse Electric e kentse kristale oscillator e le oscillator e ka sehloohong bakeng sa seea-le-moea sa bona KDKA.
Van Dyke o ile a theha mofuta o lekanang oa potoloho bakeng sa li-resonator tsa kristale tsa quartz. Potoloho ena e na le maqhubu a mabeli a resonant: theletoto la maqhubu a resonant (fs)., moo lekala la Lg{{0}Cg-Rg le sebetsang, leparallel resonant frequency (fp)., molumo oa kakaretso oa potoloho. Kaha Cg Ka 1926, likristale tsa Y- li ile tsa sibolloa 'me tsa sebelisoa. Ho fihlela ka nako eo, ho ne ho sebelisoa likristale tsa X-tse sehiloeng tsa quartz feela. Le hoja likristale tse sehiloeng tsa X{{5}li ne li e-na le tekanyo ea mocheso oa ~{7}}20ppm/℃, likristale tsa Y-cut tse bonts'itsoeng ~{8}}ppm/℃, e leng se bontšang hore likarolo tse fapaneng tsa kristale li ka hlahisa li-coefficients tse fapaneng tsa mocheso. Ka 1927, Warren Marrison oa Bell Labs o ile a theha tekanyetso ea pele ea quartz crystal oscillator. Ka 1928, Warren Marrison o ile a theha oache ea pele ea kristale ea quartz ho Bell Telephone Laboratories. Lioache tsa quartz li nkile sebaka sa lioache tsa pendulum tsa precision e le tsona tse bolokang nako tse nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng (ho fihlela lioache tsa athomo). Lioache tsa athomosebelisa maqhubu a motlakase a hlahisoang nakong ea ho monya/ho lokolloa ha matla a athomo bakeng sa nako, ho fihlela phoso ea ~1 motsotsoana ka lilemo tse limilione tse 20-hajoale ke sesebelisoa sa ho boloka nako se nepahetseng ka ho fetesisa lefatšeng. Ka 1934, AT- le BT-li-cutting quartz crystal resonator li ile tsa hlaha, tse ikemetseng tse sibollotsoeng ke Lack/Willard/Fair (USA), Koga (Japan), le Beckmann/Straubel (Jeremane). 2. Nako ea R & D: Tlhahiso ea Boima ba Crystal Oscillators Ka 1950, ho ile ha etsoa lioache tsa athomo. Lioache tsa Quartz li fihletse ho nepahala ha motsotsoana o le mong nakong ea lilemo tse 30 (30ms/yr). Bell Labs e ile ea bula tšebetso ea hydrothermal bakeng sa kholo ea khoebo-ea khōlo ea quartz crystal. 3. Nako ea Nts'etsopele: Tlhahiso ea Batch & Shift ho tloha Sesole ho ea ho Tšebeliso ea Sechaba Ka 1968, Juergen Staudte oa North American Aviation o ile a qapa mokhoa oa photolithography bakeng sa ho etsa li-oscillator tsa quartz crystal oscillator, e leng ho nolofalletsang miniaturization bakeng sa lihlahisoa tse nkehang joaloka lioache. Ka 1976, SC{1}}likristale tsa pele tse sehiloeng li ile tsa fumaneha. E sebelisoa haholo ka ontong-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXOs) ka lebaka la khoaene ea tsona ea mocheso o nepahetseng ho mocheso oa OCXO o sebetsang. 4. Nako ea Tsoelo-pele e Potlakileng: Likopo tse fapa-fapaneng ho Electronics Ho tloha ka 1990 ho fihlela joale, li-oscillator tsa quartz li fetohile ho tloha ho DIP ho ea ho liphutheloana tse nyenyane tsa SMD, ho tloha ho li-casing tsa tšepe tsa setso ho ea ho polasetiki / tšepe / ceramic encapsulations. Litlhoko tsa ho nepahala le makhetlo a mangata li eketsehile, tse hlokang mekhoa e metle ea tlhahiso. Likopo tse atolositsoeng ho tloha lits'ebetsong tsa niche ho ea libakeng tse fapaneng joalo ka 5G, IoT, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa likoloi, tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle e bohlale, le lisebelisoa tse bohlale. III. Kakaretso Lilemo tse 70+ ho tloha ka 1880 ho isa 1956 li tšoaile nako ea motheo ea li-oscillator tsa quartz, tse khetholloang ka boqapi ba bohlokoa le baqapi ba nang le tšusumetso. Tsoelopele ea theknoloji ea quartz e bonts'a ts'ebetso ea butle-butle ea ho sibolloa, kutloisiso, le kholo-tsoelopele e ke ke ea potlakisoa. 
